Silver 1966: 33, 227. Glossed as 'everything'. Also attested as ʔíːwawaw 'all' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 7].
Number:2
Word:ashes
Shasta:máhawa1
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as máhawaː (SS), máawaː (CW) 'dust / ashes' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 19].
Number:3
Word:bark
Shasta:
Not attested properly. W. Bright records several terms for various kinds of bark: kʼisíʔ 'cedar bark' (SS); cíteʔeːrar (SS), cíteːrar (CW) 'fir bark'; ʔanːár 'pine bark' (SS, CW); haːhíʔ (SS), ʔaːhíʔ (CW) 'white oak bark' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 8].
Number:4
Word:belly
Shasta:ʔíčnit1
Silver 1961: 5. Also attested as ʔícnit 'belly' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 10].
Number:5
Word:big
Shasta:kʼ=impíʔ1
Silver 1961: 12. Also attested as kʼ=impíʔ 'large' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30]. kʼ= is probably a deverbative nominalizing prefix.
Number:6
Word:bird
Shasta:čʼíːčʼaːx1
Silver 1961: 9. Also attested as cʼíːcʼaːx 'bird' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 10].
Number:7
Word:bite
Shasta:t=áʔu=xáw-iːk1
Silver 1961: 14. Glossed as 'he bit him'. Morphological analysis: t= 3rd person near past reportative prefix; =áʔu= root 'mouth'; =xáw- root (same as in 'to kill', q.v.); -iːk momentaneous aspect suffix. The verb has a suppletive "collective plural", cf. the following examples: kʼw=áʔu=xáw-ik "He bit once" (kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix); kʼw=eːp=xáwʔː-ik "He bit every once in a while" (=eːp= suppletive form of the root 'mouth') [Silver 1966: 112]. Cf. also the forms adduced by Bright: kúxːawiːk 'he bit it' (FW) and káwʔikʼaʔ 'he bit me' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 10].
Number:8
Word:black
Shasta:ʔeːpxú-táraxiʔ1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔeːpxuʔ-táraxiʔ 'black' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 10], cf. also ʔeːpxúʔ 'black / dark' (SS, CW) [ibid.]. -táraxi- is a "perception attributive" suffix meaning 'black' [Silver 1966: 140], also occurring in ma-taraxíʔ 'black paint for face' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 37].
Number:9
Word:blood
Shasta:ʔáxta1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔáːxta 'blood' [Silver 1964: 171] and ʔáxta 'blood' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 11].
Number:10
Word:bone
Shasta:ʔaːkʼ1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔáːk 'bone' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 11].
Number:11
Word:breast
Shasta:ʔíčwat1
Silver 1961: 5. Glossed as 'chest'. Also attested as ʔícwat 'chest (of body)' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 13]. Distinct from ʔimpá 'nipple / woman's breast' [Silver 1961: 5].
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Shasta:
Not attested.
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Shasta:ʔéːraxa1
Silver 1961: 5. Glossed as 'fingernail'. Also attested as ʔéːraxa 'nail (of finger or toe)' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 34].
Number:14
Word:cloud
Shasta:ʔíːpaːkúʔ1
Silver 1961: 7.
Number:15
Word:cold
Shasta:ʔisːíkʼ1
Silver 1961: 12. Also attested as ʔisːíkʼ 'cold (adj.)' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 15].
Number:16
Word:come
Shasta:kʼ=úːhuy-ikːa1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he came'. Tentative morphological analysis: kʼ= same as kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix; =úːhuy- root; -ikːa same as -ikʼːa directional suffix 'hither'. Cf. kʼw=éːʔ=ihiːy-ikːa 'they came' [Silver 1961: 13] (nature of the morpheme =éːʔ= is unclear); kʼw=íhiːy-iːkʼaʔ ~ kʼw=íːy-iːkʼaʔ 'he came to visit me' [Silver 1966: 89] (-iːkʼaʔ directional suffix 'hither'); stʼ=uhuːy-ákʼ 'Come again!' [Silver 1966: 232] (stʼ= subjunctive prefix; -akʼ directional suffix 'hither'). =úːhuy- ~ =uhuːy- and =íhiːy- are probably allomorphs of the same root; their distribution is unclear. Cf. also kw=úːy-ikaː '(a man) came here' (FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 15].
Number:17
Word:die
Shasta:kw=írik-ik #1
Bright & Olmsted 1959: 17 (CW, FW). Glossed as 'he died'. Tentative morphological analysis: kw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix (expected form of this prefix is kʼw=, but glottalization is often absent in data collected from FW); =írik- root (see below); -ik momentaneous aspect suffix. Cf. the adjective kʼ=iríkʼ 'dead' [Silver 1961: 12; Bright & Olmsted 1959: 17 (SS, CW)] with the same root. Cf. also ʔátʼuːkʼiːk 'he died' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 17].
Number:18
Word:dog
Shasta:ʔáːpsu1
Silver 1961: 8. Also attested as ʔáːpsu 'dog' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 18].
Number:19
Word:drink
Shasta:kw=ícːi-k1
Silver 1961: 14. Glossed as 'he's drinking'. Morphological analysis: kw= 3rd person present inferential prefix; =ícːi- root 'drink'; -k momentaneous aspect suffix. Also attested as kw=íci-k 'he's drinking' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 18].
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔápːaʔ 'feather' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 21].
Number:28
Word:fire
Shasta:ʔimːá1
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as ʔimːá 'fire' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 21].
Number:29
Word:fish
Shasta:
Not attested. Neither Sh. Silver, nor W. Bright have recorded a general word for 'fish', despite the presence of this word in the "Short California word list", on which [Silver 1961] is based. D. Olmsted records kitǝ́ 'fish' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 41], but this word is identical with kitːárʔ, glossed by W. Bright as 'salmon' [ibid.] and by Sh. Silver as 'summer salmon' [Silver 1961: 9]. Some other designation of a particular species of fish may underlie {kwai-ti-din-ni} 'fish', recorded by George Crook in 1856 [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 21]. The absence of a general designation for 'fish' is probably not accidental. Among the neighbouring languages, the word 'fish' is not attested for Chimariko (at least by R. Dixon and E. Sapir), and in Karuk this meaning is expressed by the English loanword fiš.
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Shasta:r=úːhu-kaʔ1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'it's flying (crawling)'. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =úːhu- root (singular allomorph; glossed as 'along in space' in [Silver 1966: 110]); -kaʔ 'progressive suffix'. Also attested as r=úːhu-kaːʔ 'it's flying' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 22]. Plural: r=áhaː-kaʔ 'they're flying (crawling)' [Silver 1961: 13]. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =áhaː- root (plural allomorph; glossed as 'along in space (coll.)' in [Silver 1966: 110]); -kaʔ 'progressive suffix'.
Number:31
Word:foot
Shasta:ʔákʼːus1
Silver 1961: 5. Also attested as ʔákʼus 'foot' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 22]. Distinct from ʔárawáy 'leg' [Silver 1961: 5].
Number:32
Word:full
Shasta:kʼahutíknaʔ #1
Silver 1961: 12. Morphological analysis unclear. Initial kʼ= may be a deverbative nominalizing prefix, present in many other adjectives. W. Bright adduces a completely different form: kúpaknaʔ 'full' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 23].
Number:33
Word:give
Shasta:t=áwi-ːk #1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he gave it to him'. Morphological analysis: t= 3rd person near past reportative prefix; =áwi- root; -ːk momentaneous aspect suffix. Another example of the same verb is kʼw=áw-iːkʼaʔ 'They gave it to me' [Silver 1966: 176, 190], attested in the following sentence: "They are the ones that gave me a boat" (kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix; -iːkʼaʔ "directional transitive" suffix, marking 1st singular and 2nd person object). Also attested as kw=aw-áː 'I give' (SS) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 24] (kw= 1st person singular near past prefix; -aː durative aspect suffix) and kúːwikaː 'he gave it to me' (FW) [ibid.] (apparently the same form as kʼw=áw-iːkʼaʔ above). Another candidate is the verb =iːču-, represented by the following forms: č=íːčuː-t-aːʔ "He gave it to him" [Silver 1966: 73] (č= 3rd person passive prefix; -t- "transitive marker"; -aːʔ momentaneous paucal suffix); kwícuːtiːk 'he gave (something large) away' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 24].
Number:34
Word:good
Shasta:kʼ=árisːáʔ1
Silver 1961: 12. Also attested as kʼ=arisáʔ 'good' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 24]. kʼ= is a deverbative nominalizing prefix; this is clear from the verbal form k=árisːáʔ "You (sg.) be good!" [Silver 1966: 45], where initial k= is a 2nd person hortative prefix. Cf. the verbal attributive suffix -ríːʔi- 'good, correct' [Silver 1966: 140] and the enclitic particle ríːʔay 'good' (occurs with substantives) [Silver 1966: 226].
Number:35
Word:green
Shasta:ʔéːr=ičúmpaxiʔ1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔer=icúmpaxiʔ 'grass' (SS) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 25]. Cf. ʔíčumpaxíʔ 'grass' [Silver 1961: 10]; ʔicumpaxíʔ 'grass / green' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 25] and the verbal attributive suffix -ičumpaxi 'yellow, green' [Silver 1966: 140]. The nature of the element ʔéːr is unclear.
Number:36
Word:hair
Shasta:ʔíːnax1
Silver 1961: 4. Also attested as ʔíːnːax 'hair' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 26]. One of the XIXth century records of Shasta (wordlist collected by Edward Ross) has {itt-chik} for 'hair' and {in-nauh} for 'head' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 26].
Number:37
Word:hand
Shasta:ʔápka1
Silver 1961: 5. Glossed as 'hand / fingers / arm' in [Silver 1966: 209]. Also attested as ʔápka 'hand' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 26]. Distinct from ʔáːčar 'arm' [Silver 1961: 5], ʔáːcar 'arm' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 7].
Number:38
Word:head
Shasta:čaːráw1
Silver 1961: 4. Also attested as caːráw 'head' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 27]. See also notes on 'hair'.
Number:39
Word:hear
Shasta:kw=íkhyaw-ik1
Silver 1961: 12. Glossed as 'he hears it'. Morphological analysis: kw= 3rd person present inferential prefix; =ikhyaw- root; -ik momentaneous aspect suffix. Also attested as ya=t=ikwaw-áː 'do you hear it?' (FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 27] (ya= enclitic question marker; t= 3rd person interrogative prefix; -aː durative aspect suffix); t=íkyaw-ik yaː 'did you hear it?' (CW) [ibid.]; r=íkyaw-aːʔ 'he heard it' (FW) [ibid.] (r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; -aːʔ momentaneous paucal suffix); kʼw=íkyaw-ik 'he heard it' (CW) [ibid.] (kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix).
Number:40
Word:heart
Shasta:ʔíwaːsúrʔ1
Silver 1961: 5. Also attested as ʔiwaːsúrʔ 'heart' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 27].
Number:41
Word:horn
Shasta:wáːpaʔ1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as wáːpaʔ 'horn' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 28] and wáʔàpʰàʔ 'horns' (from J. P. Harrington's field notes) [Silver 1980: 249]. The latter form suggests that the first vowel in wáːpaʔ is due to contraction.
Number:42
Word:I
Shasta:yaːʔa1
Silver 1966: 201. Allomorph used with the possessive marker: yapː- ~ yaːpʼ- [ibid.]. Also attested as yáːʔaːʔ 'I' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 28].
Number:43
Word:kill
Shasta:kʼw=íčka=xáw-iːk1
Silver 1961: 14. Glossed as 'he killed him'. Morphological analysis: kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix; =ička= root; =xáw- root (same as in 'to bite', q.v.); -iːk momentaneous aspect suffix. Also attested as kʼw=ícka=xaw-iːk 'he killed him' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 29]. The first root apparently also occurs in kwíckaːxtik 'he put out the fire' (FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 39].
Number:44
Word:knee
Shasta:ʔíčʼːipka1
Silver 1961: 5. Also attested as ʔícʼipka 'knee' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30].
Number:45
Word:know
Shasta:t=iːwáːy-kʼahaːʔ1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he knew it'. Morphological analysis unclear. t= is the 3rd person near past reportative prefix. The morpheme =iːwáːy- is apparently identical with the root =iːway- 'perceive', mentioned in [Silver 1966: 106]. Also attested as máː t=íːwey-kʼaː 'I don't know' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30] (t= 1st person singular negative prefix); r=iːwéy-kaːʔ 'he knows' (CW, FW) [ibid.] (r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; -kaːʔ progressive aspect suffix).
Number:46
Word:leaf
Shasta:xanːár1
Silver 1964: 173. Also attested as xanːár 'leaf' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30].
Number:47
Word:lie
Shasta:r=íc-aːʔ #1
Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30 (SS). Glossed as 'lie (rest): it's lying'. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =ic- root (since Bright does not distinguish between hissing and hushing affricates, this root may in fact contain č); -aːʔ durative aspect suffix. Also attested as kw=íc-aːʔ 'it's been lying for some time' (SS) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30] (kw= 3rd person present inferential prefix). The form kw=íkʼway-ik 'he's lying' in [Silver 1961: 14] is dubious: it is not clear whether we deal here with the verb 'to lie (recline)' or 'to lie (tell lies)'. Cf. also ráteːkwayaʔ 'he's lying down' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 30] and skáraːkaʔ 'You (sg.) are lying down' [Silver 1966: 43]. The choice between these alternative candidates is arbitrary.
Number:48
Word:liver
Shasta:ʔéːpsi1
Silver 1961: 5. Also attested as ʔéːpsiʔ 'liver' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 31].
Number:49
Word:long
Shasta:ʔúkːax-áwhiʔ1
Silver 1961: 12. Polysemy: 'long / tall'. Also attested as ʔukːaxúːhiʔ (SS), ʔukːaxúːiʔ (CW) 'long' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 31]. The same root is found in ʔukːáx-maː 'far away', lit. 'a-long-way hither' (-maː 'hither') [Silver 1966: 198].
Number:50
Word:louse
Shasta:čʼiːtákʼ1
Silver 1961: 9. Glossed as 'head louse'. Also attested as ciːták 'louse' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 31]. Distinct from ʔíwiːwíʔ 'body louse' [Silver 1961: 9], ʔiwiwíʔ 'grayback louse' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 31].
Silver 1966: 76 (SS). Glossed as 'a lot of'. Variant form: akːwará 'a lot of' (CW) [ibid.]. Also attested as ʔukːaríʔ (SS), ʔakːwaráʔ (CW) 'many' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 32].
Number:53
Word:meat
Shasta:ʔaráwʔ1
Silver 1961: 8, 12. Polysemy: 'deer / meat'. Also attested as ʔaráwʔ 'deer (Odocoileus columbianus)' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 17]. The meaning 'meat' is attested only in the following sentence: kwípxik ʔinːáʔ ʔaráwʔ "She roasted the meat" [Silver 1961: 12]. The polysemy 'deer / meat' is commonplace in Californian languages. Secondary synonym: ʔúpsi 'flesh' [Silver 1966: 45].
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as wákːwey 'mountain' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 34].
Number:56
Word:mouth
Shasta:ʔáw1
Silver 1961: 4. Also attested as ʔáw 'mouth' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 34]. In nominal and verbal compounds this root has allomorphs -ahu- and -aʔu-: cf. ʔahú=čučːuʔ ~ ʔáw=čučːuʔ 'beard' [Silver 1966: 90], =ahu=sːa- 'to talk' [Silver 1966: 119], =áʔu=xáw- 'to bite' [Silver 1961: 14].
Number:57
Word:name
Shasta:kʼ=eːkwáy-ik1
Silver 1966: 214. Tentative morphological analysis: kʼ= deverbative nominalizing prefix; =eːkwáy- root (see below); -ik unidentified suffix. Apparently related to the verb 'to name': t=éːkʼway-aːy-ik 'He did the naming' [Silver 1961: 14] (t= 3rd person near past reportative prefix; =éːkʼway- root; -aːy- "transitive marker"; -ik momentaneous aspect suffix). The word is attested in the following sentence: makáy kwačʼːú kʼeːkwáyik kwántuːmeː "I mentioned his name" [Silver 1966: 214]. Also attested in one of the XIXth century Shasta wordlists (recorded by William B. Hazen in 1857) as {ka-kwai-ee} 'name' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 34]. Another wordlist (recorded by George Crook in 1856) has {kau-shik} 'name' [ibid.], a form we were unable to identify with anything in the more modern data.
Number:58
Word:neck
Shasta:ʔíkʼːuk1
Silver 1961: 4. Also attested as ʔíkʼuk 'neck' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 35].
Number:59
Word:new
Shasta:
Not attested in any of the available sources.
Number:60
Word:night
Shasta:ʔapxáː1
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as ʔapxáː 'night' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 35].
Number:61
Word:nose
Shasta:ʔéːr1
Silver 1961: 4. Also attested as ʔéːr 'nose' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 36].
Number:62
Word:not
Shasta:máː1
Silver 1966: 215. Negative particle, occurs both in indicative and prohibitive function. Also attested as máːa 'no' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 36].
Number:63
Word:one
Shasta:čʼéːʔaʔ1
Silver 1961: 1. Also attested as cʼáːʔaʔ 'one' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 36]. According to [Silver 1966: 75], the two principal informants used different forms: čʼaːʔa (CW), čʼeːʔa (SS) 'one'.
Number:64
Word:person
Shasta:ʔís1
Silver 1964: 175. Polysemy: 'Indian / person'. Also attested as ʔís 'person / Indian' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 37].
Number:65
Word:rain
Shasta:ʔistúkʼ #1
Silver 1961: 7. Cf. the verbal stem =učːi- 'precipitate as rain does' [Silver 1966: 76]. The forms from the XIXth century Shasta word lists are all different: {o-chee} (William B. Hazen, 1857), {i-dur-ka} (George Crook, 1856), {da ́́-keh} (Stephen Powers, 1872), {útsbik} (Dana, 1841) 'rain' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 39]. The first of these forms is related to the verb =učːi-, but we were unable to identify the remaining forms with anything in the more modern data.
Number:66
Word:red
Shasta:ʔéʔextiʔ1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔéːʔeːxtiʔ 'red' [Silver 1964: 175] and ʔéːxtiʔ 'red' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 40].
Number:67
Word:road
Shasta:ʔíčːaː1
McLendon 1964: 137; Silver 1966: 131. Glossed as 'trail'. Also attested as ʔícːaː 'trail / road' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 50].
Number:68
Word:root
Shasta:ʔaráːʔiʔ #1
Bright & Olmsted 1959: 40 (SS, CW). S. Silver's wordlist has wátikʼumːar 'root' [Silver 1961: 10], but W. Bright gives an apparently identical word with a more specialized meaning: mátːikumːar, ʔítːikumːar 'root of Ponderosa pine' (SS) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 41].
Number:69
Word:round
Shasta:ʔíkʼankʼan1
Bright & Olmsted 1959: 41 (SS, CW).
Number:70
Word:sand
Shasta:tʼácːu1
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as tʼácːu 'sand' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 41].
Number:71
Word:say
Shasta:kʼw=ísːi-k1
Silver 1966: 158. Glossed as 'he said'. Morphological analysis: kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix; =ísːi- root; -k momentaneous aspect suffix. Other attested forms: ʔw=isːí-k ~ ʔw=ísːi-k 'he said' [Silver 1966: 86] (ʔw= gerundial prefix); kw=isː-áːʔ 'I said' [Silver 1966: 139] (kw= 1st person singular near past prefix; -aːʔ momentaneous paucal suffix). The root is =isːi- ~ =isːa [Silver 1966: 85, 138].
Number:72
Word:see
Shasta:kw=ímːi-k #1
Silver 1966: 77. Glossed as 'He sees it'. Morphological analysis: kw= 3rd person present inferential prefix; =ímːi- root; -k momentaneous aspect suffix. Other attested forms: r=ímːaʔ 'Let him see it!' [ibid.] (r= 3rd person hortative prefix); sw=ímːi-k 'I see it' [Silver 1964: 175] (sw= 1st person singular present prefix); kw=imː-áːʔ 'I see' (SS) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 42] (kw= 1st person singular near past prefix; -aːʔ durative aspect suffix); kw=ímːi-ːk 'he saw it' (FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 42]. The root is =imːi- ~ =imːa [Silver 1966: 77]. Another candidate is the verb represented by the following forms: r=éːwaʔ 'he sees it' [Silver 1961: 12; Bright & Olmsted 1959: 42 (CW, FW)] (r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix); s=éːwaʔ 'I see it' [Silver 1966: 43] (s= 1st person singular present prefix), pʼ=éːwa 'I saw it' [Silver 1966: 45] (pʼ= 1st person singular distant past prefix). The semantic difference between the two verbs is unknown, so the choice is arbitrary.
Number:73
Word:seed
Shasta:mákakʼ1
Silver 1961: 10. Glossed as 'seed (pit)'.
Number:74
Word:sit
Shasta:r=ísː-aw-k1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he's sitting down'. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =isː- root; -aw- unidentified morpheme; -k momentaneous aspect suffix. The verb has a suppletive plural (cf. [Silver 1966: 111]): r=ár-aːk-eʔ 'they're sitting down' [Silver 1961: 13] (r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =ar- root; -aːk- collective suffix; -eʔ collective perfective aspect suffix). Also attested as r=ísː-aːw-k 'he's sitting down / he's at home' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 44]; kwisːáykaː 'he sat down' (FW) [ibid.]; kwácʼ kwísːik 'there he sits' (SS) [ibid.]. The root is =isːaː- sg., =aráː- pl. [Silver 1966: 111].
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he's sleeping'. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =icma- root; -s- root; -aːkaʔ progressive aspect suffix. Also attested as kw=ícma-s-aːkaʔ 'He's sleeping' [Silver 1966: 108] (kw= 3rd person present inferential prefix); k=icma-sí 'go to sleep!' (SS) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 45] (k= 2nd person hortative prefix); r=ícma-s-aːkaʔ 'he's sleeping' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 45]. The verb has a suppletive plural: r=íwanː-akaʔ 'they're sleeping' [Silver 1961: 13]; kw=íːwanː-akaʔ 'They are sleeping' [Silver 1966: 108]. The root is =icma-siː- (sg.), =iːwanːi- ~ -iːwanːa (pl.) [Silver 1966: 108, 110].
Number:77
Word:small
Shasta:ʔátʼuk1
Silver 1961: 12. Glossed as 'little'. Also attested as ʔátʼuk 'small' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 45]. Secondary synonym: ʔániːni 'little' [Silver 1966: 26].
Number:78
Word:smoke
Shasta:kʼuːcá1
Bright & Olmsted 1959: 45 (SS, CW). W. Bright does not distinguish between hissing and hushing affricates in Shasta, so the root may actually contain č.
Number:79
Word:stand
Shasta:r=ákʼ-aːwaːʔ1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he's standing'. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =akʼ- root; -aːwaːʔ imperfective aspect suffix. Also attested as r=ákʼ-awaːʔ 'he's standing' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 47]. The verb has a suppletive plural: r=éːrukʼ-awaːʔ 'they're standing' [Silver 1961: 13]. The root is =akʼa- (sg.), =eːrukʼa- (pl.) [Silver 1966: 110].
Number:80
Word:star
Shasta:xakːwéːsur1
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as xakːwéːsur 'star' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 47].
Number:81
Word:stone
Shasta:ʔícːaʔ1
Silver 1961: 7. Glossed as 'rock'. Also attested as ʔícːaʔ 'rock' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 40].
Silver 1966: 44. Glossed as 'he's swimming'. Morphological analysis: r= 3rd person present direct evidential prefix; =ump- root; -akaʔ progressive aspect suffix. Also attested as r=úmp-akaːʔ 'he's swimming' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 48]. The verb has a suppletive plural: y=éːw-eːk-ir-aː 'we are swimming around (dur.)' [Silver 1966: 69] (y= 1st person plural prefix; =eːw- root (plural allomorph); -eːk- collective suffix; -ir- distributive suffix; -aː durative aspect suffix). The root is =umpi- ~ =umpa (sg.), =eːw- (pl.) [Silver 1966: 112]. Secondary synonym: stʼ=íːpu 'You (sg.) are going to bathe' [Silver 1966: 44] (stʼ= subjunctive prefix); k=íːpuʔ 'You (sg.) bathe!' [Silver 1966: 66] (k= 2nd person hortative prefix); kw=ípu-k 'he's swimming' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 48] (kw= 3rd person present inferential prefix; -k momentaneous aspect suffix).
Number:84
Word:tail
Shasta:ʔíhiwa1
Silver 1961: 5. Also attested as ʔihíwa (SS), ʔiíwa (CW) 'tail' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 48].
Number:85
Word:that
Shasta:miː1
Silver 1966: 219. Shasta has three demonstratives, whose meaning is summarized by Sh. Silver as follows: "<weˑ> specifies relative immediacy, <miˑ> specifies relative remoteness, and <inˑá> specifies, as it were, the absence of immediacy or remoteness" [Silver 1966: 219].
Number:86
Word:this
Shasta:weː1
Silver 1966: 219. See notes on 'that'.
Number:87
Word:thou
Shasta:maːʔi1
Silver 1966: 201. Allomorph used with the possessive marker: maːm- [ibid.]. Also attested as máyʔiː 'you (sg.)' (CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 55].
Number:88
Word:tongue
Shasta:ʔéhena1
Silver 1961: 4. Also attested as ʔéhena (SS), ʔéena (CW) 'tongue' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 50]. Related to the verb =eheni- 'to lick' [Silver 1966: 76; Silver 1980: 249]. Extremely interesting is the form from the Shasta wordlist collected in the mid XIXth century by Edward Ross: {ip-huah} 'tongue' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 50].
Number:89
Word:tooth
Shasta:ʔíčːaw1
Silver 1961: 4; Silver 1964: 176. Glossed as 'teeth'. Also attested as ʔícʼaw 'tooth' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 50].
Number:90
Word:tree
Shasta:ʔákaːhaː1
Silver 1966: 187. Also attested as ʔákʼaːha (SS), ʔákʼaːa (CW) 'tree' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 50].
Number:91
Word:two
Shasta:xúkʼːa1
Silver 1966: 203. Also attested as xúkːaʔ 'two' [Silver 1961: 1; Bright & Olmsted 1959: 51 (SS, CW)]. The variant without glottalization is probably a misrecording: in her later works Sh. Silver cites only xúkʼːa [Silver 1964: 176; Silver 1966: 203].
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Shasta:kʼw=átːaʔ1
Silver 1961: 13. Glossed as 'he's gone'. Morphological analysis: kʼw= 3rd person near past inferential prefix; =atːaʔ root. Cf. the following example: kuráː t=atí-ːma 'where are you going?' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 24] (t= 2nd person singular interrogative prefix; -ːma directional suffix 'thither'). The verb has a suppletive plural: kʼw=éʔːaʔ 'they're gone' [Silver 1961: 13]. The root is =atːi- ~ =atːa (sg.), =eʔːi- ~ =eʔːa (pl.) [Silver 1966: 110].
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
Shasta:ʔáːtitʼːúʔ1
Silver 1961: 12. Glossed as 'hot'. Also attested as ʔatitːú (SS, CW), ʔitːú (SS), tutːú (CW) 'hot' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 28]. Morphological segmentation of these forms is unknown.
Number:94
Word:water
Shasta:ʔácːa1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔácːa 'water' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 53].
Number:95
Word:we
Shasta:čaːkʼá1
Silver 1966: 201. Allomorph used with the possessive marker: čaːkʼ- [ibid.]. Also attested as cʼaːkáʔ 'we' (CW, FW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 53].
Number:96
Word:what
Shasta:kuːčʼá1
Silver 1966: 68. Also attested as kuːcʼá 'what?' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 53]. Dialectal variant: tuːčʼá [Silver 1966: 68]. According to S. Silver, "SS identified the t-variant as indicative of the speech of the Shasta Valley Shasta" [Silver 1966: 5].
Number:97
Word:white
Shasta:ʔítʼaːyú1
Silver 1961: 6. Also attested as ʔítʼaːyuʔ 'white' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 53]. Related to ʔítʼay 'white earth for face-paint' (SS) [ibid.].
Silver 1961: 2. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Also attested as tarícʼiʔ 'woman / wife' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 54]. Cf. ʔárapxaː 'woman (used with nationality)' [Silver 1961: 2].
Number:100
Word:yellow
Shasta:xanːár kʼéːʔeːki kʼárik1
Silver 1961: 6. xanːár is 'leaf', but we cannot at present translate other parts of the phrase. XIXth century wordlists have the following word(s): {e-ho-tik} (recorded by George Crook in 1856), {ik-kwoi-too} (recorded by William B. Hazen in 1857) 'yellow' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 55].
Number:101
Word:far
Shasta:ʔukːáx1
Silver 1961: 8. Also attested as ʔukáx 'far' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 20].
Silver 1961: 8. Also attested as ʔamːáx 'near' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 35].
Number:104
Word:salt
Shasta:ʔáːtax1
Silver 1961: 11. Also attested as ʔáːtax 'salt' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 41]. Variant form: ʔámtax (identified by SS as belonging to Kʼaːmátʼwaː dialect) [Silver 1966: 93].
Number:105
Word:short
Shasta:ʔehékʼːu1
Silver 1961: 12. Also attested as ʔihíkːu (SS), ʔíːkːu (CW) 'short' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 43].
Number:106
Word:snake
Shasta:núhuːsːu1
Silver 1980: 250. Also attested as núhusu (SS), núusu (CW) 'snake / blue racer snake' [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 45].
Number:107
Word:thin
Shasta:
Not attested in any of the available sources.
Number:108
Word:wind
Shasta:ʔáːska1
Silver 1961: 7. Also attested as ʔáːska 'wind' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 54]. Related to the verb kw=áːski-k 'wind's blowing' (CW) [ibid.].
Number:109
Word:worm
Shasta:ʔámtaːwa #1
Silver 1964: 172. Glossed as 'earthworm'. Also attested as ʔámtaːwa 'angleworm' (SS, CW) [Bright & Olmsted 1959: 55]. Another candidate is cʼuːpírʔ 'worm' (SS) [ibid.].
